Empty Leg Flights in France

OpenLegFlights.com offers exclusive deals on empty leg jet flights in France. Popular destinations include Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Nantes, Paris, Strasbourg and many more. Whether traveling for business or leisure, enjoy unmatched comfort and savings. Save up to 75% on private jet charters. Fill out the search form above to find available empty leg flights today!

From:
Geneva, Cointrin International (GVA), CH
To:
La Rochelle, Île de Ré (LRH), FR
Departure date:
28.08.2025
Aircraft:
Citation M2
Capacity:
5
$5,325
Distance between GVA - LRH:
350 mi (564 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 45 minutes
Cost per person:
$1065.06
Cost per hour:
$7042.95
Citation M2 image 1
Citation M2 image 2
From:
Teterboro, Teterboro Airport (TEB), NJ, US
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Departure date:
29.08.2025
Aircraft:
Gulfstream G-V
Capacity:
14
$86,326
Distance between TEB - NCE:
3986 mi (6416 km)
Cost per person:
$6166.14
Cost per hour:
$114170.07
From:
London, Biggin Hill (BQH), GB
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Departure date:
29.08.2025
Aircraft:
Learjet 40
Capacity:
7
$8,162
Distance between BQH - NCE:
627 mi (1008 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 11 minutes
Cost per person:
$1165.97
Cost per hour:
$6896.83
Learjet 40 image 1
Learjet 40 image 2
From:
Inverness, Inverness Airport (INV), GB
To:
Lyon, Bron (LYN), FR
Departure date:
29.08.2025
Aircraft:
Pilatus PC 12
Capacity:
8
$9,792
Distance between INV - LYN:
900 mi (1449 km)
Cost per person:
$1223.97
Cost per hour:
$8274.13
From:
London, Oxford (Kidlington) (OXF), GB
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Departure date:
30.08.2025
Aircraft:
Global 5000
Capacity:
15
$16,596
Distance between OXF - NCE:
683 mi (1100 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 13 minutes
Cost per person:
$1106.38
Cost per hour:
$13609.46
Global 5000 image 1
Global 5000 image 2
From:
Zurich, Zürich (ZRH), CH
To:
Figari, Sud-Corse (FSC), FR
Departure date:
31.08.2025
Aircraft:
Citation M2
Capacity:
5
$5,562
Distance between ZRH - FSC:
407 mi (654 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 52 minutes
Cost per person:
$1112.4
Cost per hour:
$6342.45
Citation M2 image 1
Citation M2 image 2
From:
Berlin, Brandenburg International (BER), DE
To:
Rennes, Saint-Jacques (RNS), FR
Departure date:
31.08.2025
Aircraft:
Premier I
Capacity:
6
$8,306
Distance between BER - RNS:
730 mi (1175 km)
Cost per person:
$1384.29
Cost per hour:
$9471.25
From:
London, Biggin Hill (BQH), GB
To:
Nantes, Atlantique (NTE), FR
Departure date:
31.08.2025
Aircraft:
HondaJet
Capacity:
5
$2,721
Distance between BQH - NTE:
293 mi (472 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 36 minutes
Cost per person:
$544.12
Cost per hour:
$4508.14
HondaJet image 1
HondaJet image 2
From:
Hamburg, Hamburg Airport (HAM), DE
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Departure date:
03.09.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 300
Capacity:
9
$11,804
Distance between HAM - NCE:
695 mi (1119 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 24 minutes
Cost per person:
$1311.5
Cost per hour:
$8406.31
Phenom 300 image 1
Phenom 300 image 2
From:
Los Angeles, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), CA, US
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Departure date:
05.09.2025
Aircraft:
Gulfstream G650
Capacity:
14
$125,869
Distance between LAX - NCE:
6066 mi (9762 km)
Estimated flight duration:
10 hours : 47 minutes
Cost per person:
$8990.62
Cost per hour:
$11655.8
Gulfstream G650 image 1
Gulfstream G650 image 2
From:
Bari, Palese International (BRI), IT
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Departure date:
05.09.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 100
Capacity:
4
$6,593
Distance between BRI - NCE:
523 mi (842 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 7 minutes
Cost per person:
$1648.22
Cost per hour:
$5874.41
Phenom 100 image 1
Phenom 100 image 2
From:
London, Luton (LTN), GB
To:
Cannes, Mandelieu (CEQ), FR
Departure date:
05.09.2025
Aircraft:
Legacy 650
Capacity:
13
$21,765
Distance between LTN - CEQ:
670 mi (1078 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 17 minutes
Cost per person:
$1674.22
Cost per hour:
$16743.91
Legacy 650 image 1
Legacy 650 image 2
From:
Dortmund, Dortmund Airport (DTM), DE
To:
Le Castellet, Le Castellet Airport (CTT), FR
Departure date:
06.09.2025
Aircraft:
King Air 200
Capacity:
8
$5,638
Distance between DTM - CTT:
578 mi (929 km)
Cost per person:
$704.7
Cost per hour:
$4337.09
From:
Lelystad, Lelystad Airport (LEY), NL
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Departure date:
07.09.2025
Aircraft:
Global 6000
Capacity:
12
$35,243
Distance between LEY - NCE:
613 mi (987 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 5 minutes
Cost per person:
$2936.95
Cost per hour:
$32199.8
Global 6000 image 1
Global 6000 image 2
From:
Sofia, Sofia Airport (SOF), BG
To:
Cannes, Mandelieu (CEQ), FR
Departure date:
08.09.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 300
Capacity:
8
$7,061
Distance between SOF - CEQ:
828 mi (1333 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 40 minutes
Cost per person:
$882.67
Cost per hour:
$4223.54
Phenom 300 image 1
Phenom 300 image 2
From:
Madrid, Barajas International (MAD), ES
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Departure date:
08.09.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 100
Capacity:
4
$6,766
Distance between MAD - NCE:
602 mi (969 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 17 minutes
Cost per person:
$1691.53
Cost per hour:
$5234.29
Phenom 100 image 1
Phenom 100 image 2
From:
Venice, Venezia / Tessera - Marco Polo (VCE), IT
To:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
Departure date:
08.09.2025
Aircraft:
Challenger 650
Capacity:
12
$12,947
Distance between VCE - LBG:
525 mi (844 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 59 minutes
Cost per person:
$1078.89
Cost per hour:
$13098.24
Challenger 650 image 1
Challenger 650 image 2
From:
London, Oxford (Kidlington) (OXF), GB
To:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
Departure date:
14.09.2025
Aircraft:
Citation CJ2
Capacity:
6
$5,755
Distance between OXF - LBG:
253 mi (406 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 31 minutes
Cost per person:
$959.12
Cost per hour:
$10960.02
Citation CJ2 image 1
Citation CJ2 image 2
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
Malaga, Málaga (AGP), ES
Departure date:
28.08.2025
Aircraft:
Citation CJ2+
Capacity:
6
$9,296
Distance between LBG - AGP:
914 mi (1472 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 54 minutes
Cost per person:
$1549.4
Cost per hour:
$4889.19
Citation CJ2+ image 1
Citation CJ2+ image 2
From:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
To:
Innsbruck, Innsbruck Airport (INN), AT
Departure date:
28.08.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 300
Capacity:
7
$3,540
Distance between NCE - INN:
320 mi (514 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 38 minutes
Cost per person:
$505.78
Cost per hour:
$5486.25
Phenom 300 image 1
Phenom 300 image 2
From:
Figari, Sud-Corse (FSC), FR
To:
Zurich, Zürich (ZRH), CH
Departure date:
29.08.2025
Aircraft:
Citation M2
Capacity:
5
$6,390
Distance between FSC - ZRH:
407 mi (654 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 52 minutes
Cost per person:
$1278.07
Cost per hour:
$7287.07
Citation M2 image 1
Citation M2 image 2
From:
Rennes, Saint-Jacques (RNS), FR
To:
Salzburg, Salzburg Airport (SZG), AT
Departure date:
29.08.2025
Aircraft:
Premier I
Capacity:
6
$10,005
Distance between RNS - SZG:
681 mi (1096 km)
Cost per person:
$1667.54
Cost per hour:
$11409.18
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
London, Luton (LTN), GB
Departure date:
30.08.2025
Aircraft:
Pilatus PC-12/47E (NG)
Capacity:
6
$4,840
Distance between LBG - LTN:
236 mi (380 km)
Cost per person:
$806.62
Cost per hour:
$5518.86
From:
Cannes, Mandelieu (CEQ), FR
To:
Ibiza, Ibiza Airport (IBZ), ES
Departure date:
31.08.2025
Aircraft:
Pilatus PC 12
Capacity:
8
$8,416
Distance between CEQ - IBZ:
437 mi (702 km)
Cost per person:
$1051.95
Cost per hour:
$9596.45
From:
Calvi, Sainte-Catherine (CLY), FR
To:
Sion, Sion Airport (SIR), CH
Departure date:
01.09.2025
Aircraft:
Citation CJ1+
Capacity:
5
$5,226
Distance between CLY - SIR:
267 mi (430 km)
Cost per person:
$1045.3
Cost per hour:
$5959.87
From:
La Rochelle, Île de Ré (LRH), FR
To:
Zurich, Zürich (ZRH), CH
Departure date:
01.09.2025
Aircraft:
Citation M2
Capacity:
5
$4,836
Distance between LRH - ZRH:
468 mi (753 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 0 minutes
Cost per person:
$967.22
Cost per hour:
$4792.57
Citation M2 image 1
Citation M2 image 2
From:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
To:
Ancona, Falconara (AOI), IT
Departure date:
03.09.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 100
Capacity:
4
$4,615
Distance between NCE - AOI:
308 mi (495 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 39 minutes
Cost per person:
$1153.82
Cost per hour:
$6992.14
Phenom 100 image 1
Phenom 100 image 2
From:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
To:
Rome, Ciampino (CIA), IT
Departure date:
03.09.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 100
Capacity:
4
$4,884
Distance between NCE - CIA:
302 mi (486 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 38 minutes
Cost per person:
$1220.92
Cost per hour:
$7533.81
Phenom 100 image 1
Phenom 100 image 2
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
Miami, Miami International Airport (MIA), FL, US
Departure date:
04.09.2025
Aircraft:
Gulfstream G650
Capacity:
14
$95,660
Distance between LBG - MIA:
4575 mi (7363 km)
Estimated flight duration:
8 hours : 8 minutes
Cost per person:
$6832.87
Cost per hour:
$11745.34
Gulfstream G650 image 1
Gulfstream G650 image 2
From:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
To:
Ibiza, Ibiza Airport (IBZ), ES
Departure date:
07.09.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 100
Capacity:
4
$6,296
Distance between NCE - IBZ:
448 mi (722 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 57 minutes
Cost per person:
$1574.11
Cost per hour:
$6544.06
Phenom 100 image 1
Phenom 100 image 2
From:
Cannes, Mandelieu (CEQ), FR
To:
Athens, Eleftherios Venizelos International (ATH), GR
Departure date:
07.09.2025
Aircraft:
Phenom 300
Capacity:
8
$8,944
Distance between CEQ - ATH:
965 mi (1554 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 56 minutes
Cost per person:
$1117.98
Cost per hour:
$4588.08
Phenom 300 image 1
Phenom 300 image 2
From:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
To:
Lagos, Murtala Muhammed International (LOS), NG
Departure date:
07.09.2025
Aircraft:
Global 6000
Capacity:
12
$105,729
Distance between NCE - LOS:
2574 mi (4142 km)
Estimated flight duration:
4 hours : 35 minutes
Cost per person:
$8810.74
Cost per hour:
$23024.62
Global 6000 image 1
Global 6000 image 2
From:
Geneva, Cointrin International (GVA), CH
To:
Le Castellet, Le Castellet Airport (CTT), FR
Aircraft:
Pilatus PC-12/47E (NG)
Capacity:
6
$3,777
Distance between GVA - CTT:
205 mi (329 km)
Cost per person:
$629.52
Cost per hour:
$822.54
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
La Rochelle, Île de Ré (LRH), FR
Aircraft:
Citation M2
Capacity:
5
$3,892
Distance between LBG - LRH:
257 mi (413 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 33 minutes
Cost per person:
$778.36
Cost per hour:
$7032.53
Citation M2 image 1
Citation M2 image 2
From:
Bristol, Bristol International Airport (BRS), GB
To:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
Aircraft:
Citation CJ2+
Capacity:
6
$4,707
Distance between BRS - LBG:
283 mi (455 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 35 minutes
Cost per person:
$784.46
Cost per hour:
$8012.84
Citation CJ2+ image 1
Citation CJ2+ image 2
From:
Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf International (DUS), DE
To:
Caen, Carpiquet (CFR), FR
Aircraft:
Citation CJ2+
Capacity:
6
$4,404
Distance between DUS - CFR:
350 mi (563 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 43 minutes
Cost per person:
$734.03
Cost per hour:
$6059.38
Citation CJ2+ image 1
Citation CJ2+ image 2
From:
Malaga, Málaga (AGP), ES
To:
Figari, Sud-Corse (FSC), FR
Aircraft:
Citation CJ3
Capacity:
7
$1,760
Distance between AGP - FSC:
795 mi (1280 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 39 minutes
Cost per person:
$251.49
Cost per hour:
$1058.88
Citation CJ3 image 1
Citation CJ3 image 2
From:
London, Farnborough (FAB), GB
To:
Quimper, Cornouaille (UIP), FR
Aircraft:
HondaJet
Capacity:
5
$4,762
Distance between FAB - UIP:
275 mi (442 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 33 minutes
Cost per person:
$952.33
Cost per hour:
$8421.48
HondaJet image 1
HondaJet image 2
From:
Teterboro, Teterboro Airport (TEB), NJ, US
To:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
Aircraft:
Falcon 8X
Capacity:
15
$52,957
Distance between TEB - LBG:
3626 mi (5835 km)
Estimated flight duration:
6 hours : 51 minutes
Cost per person:
$3530.44
Cost per hour:
$7714.29
Falcon 8X image 1
Falcon 8X image 2
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
Figari, Sud-Corse (FSC), FR
Aircraft:
Hawker 900XP
Capacity:
8
$8,263
Distance between LBG - FSC:
609 mi (980 km)
Cost per person:
$1032.88
Cost per hour:
$1203.7
From:
Lorient, South Brittany (Bretagne Sud) (LRT), FR
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Aircraft:
Citation CJ3
Capacity:
7
$6,138
Distance between LRT - NCE:
3050 mi (4909 km)
Estimated flight duration:
6 hours : 22 minutes
Cost per person:
$876.83
Cost per hour:
$962.8
Citation CJ3 image 1
Citation CJ3 image 2
From:
Rotterdam, Rotterdam Airport (RTM), NL
To:
La Rochelle, Île de Ré (LRH), FR
Aircraft:
Citation CJ2
Capacity:
6
$5,312
Distance between RTM - LRH:
472 mi (760 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 58 minutes
Cost per person:
$885.31
Cost per hour:
$5407.8
Citation CJ2 image 1
Citation CJ2 image 2
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
Malaga, Málaga (AGP), ES
Aircraft:
Citation CJ2+
Capacity:
6
$9,296
Distance between LBG - AGP:
914 mi (1472 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 54 minutes
Cost per person:
$1549.4
Cost per hour:
$4889.19
Citation CJ2+ image 1
Citation CJ2+ image 2
From:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
To:
Innsbruck, Innsbruck Airport (INN), AT
Aircraft:
Phenom 300
Capacity:
7
$3,540
Distance between NCE - INN:
320 mi (514 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 38 minutes
Cost per person:
$505.78
Cost per hour:
$5486.25
Phenom 300 image 1
Phenom 300 image 2
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
La Rochelle, Île de Ré (LRH), FR
Aircraft:
Citation M2
Capacity:
5
$3,892
Distance between LBG - LRH:
257 mi (413 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 33 minutes
Cost per person:
$778.36
Cost per hour:
$7032.53
Citation M2 image 1
Citation M2 image 2
From:
Nantes, Atlantique (NTE), FR
To:
London, Biggin Hill (BQH), GB
Aircraft:
HondaJet
Capacity:
5
$2,721
Distance between NTE - BQH:
293 mi (472 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 36 minutes
Cost per person:
$544.12
Cost per hour:
$4508.14
HondaJet image 1
HondaJet image 2
From:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
To:
London, Luton (LTN), GB
Aircraft:
Citation CJ2
Capacity:
6
$10,329
Distance between NCE - LTN:
668 mi (1074 km)
Estimated flight duration:
1 hours : 23 minutes
Cost per person:
$1721.42
Cost per hour:
$7441.25
Citation CJ2 image 1
Citation CJ2 image 2
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
Rotterdam, Rotterdam Airport (RTM), NL
Aircraft:
Pilatus PC-12/47E (NG)
Capacity:
6
$4,131
Distance between LBG - RTM:
223 mi (359 km)
Cost per person:
$688.49
Cost per hour:
$2976.15
From:
Lyon, Bron (LYN), FR
To:
Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf International (DUS), DE
Aircraft:
Citation CJ4
Capacity:
7
$7,105
Distance between LYN - DUS:
389 mi (626 km)
Estimated flight duration:
0 hours : 44 minutes
Cost per person:
$1015.04
Cost per hour:
$9480.65
Citation CJ4 image 1
Citation CJ4 image 2
From:
Cannes, Mandelieu (CEQ), FR
To:
London, Biggin Hill (BQH), GB
Aircraft:
Pilatus PC 12
Capacity:
8
$4,762
Distance between CEQ - BQH:
628 mi (1011 km)
Cost per person:
$595.21
Cost per hour:
$6353.53
From:
Paris, Le Bourget (LBG), FR
To:
Figari, Sud-Corse (FSC), FR
Aircraft:
Hawker 900XP
Capacity:
8
$8,263
Distance between LBG - FSC:
609 mi (980 km)
Cost per person:
$1032.88
Cost per hour:
$11025.49
From:
Lorient, South Brittany (Bretagne Sud) (LRT), FR
To:
Nice, Côte d'Azur (NCE), FR
Aircraft:
Citation CJ3
Capacity:
7
$6,138
Distance between LRT - NCE:
3050 mi (4909 km)
Estimated flight duration:
6 hours : 22 minutes
Cost per person:
$876.83
Cost per hour:
$962.8
Citation CJ3 image 1
Citation CJ3 image 2

Explore Empty Leg Flights in France

Discover exclusive empty leg flight deals in France. Whether you’re traveling for business or leisure, enjoy luxury private jet travel at reduced costs. Browse the list of cities below to find available empty leg flights tailored to your next destination.

Benefits of Booking Empty Leg Flights in France

With the rise of private jet travel in France, booking an empty leg flight can be a game-changer for those seeking cost-effective and flexible travel options. One of the most significant benefits is cost savings – up to 75% cheaper compared to traditional charter flights! Additionally, empty leg flights often offer greater flexibility in scheduling, allowing travelers to create their own itinerary. For luxury travelers, the added convenience of having a dedicated private jet at their disposal can be a major draw.

Statistics and Market Trends in France

According to recent market reports, private jet travel in France is expected to grow by 15% annually over the next five years. This surge in demand is driven by an increasing number of high-net-worth individuals and business executives seeking flexible and personalized travel options. In terms of empty leg flights specifically, data suggests that there will be a significant increase in demand for these types of flights as more travelers opt for sustainable and eco-friendly private aviation solutions.

How to Find the Best Deals on Empty Leg Flights in France

To secure the best deals on empty leg flights in France, consider the following tips: Firstly, sign up with reputable online platforms or brokers that specialize in private jet travel. These platforms often have access to a wider range of aircraft and can offer competitive pricing. Secondly, be flexible with your travel dates – flying during off-peak hours or on less popular routes can result in significant savings. Finally, don't hesitate to negotiate with operators or charter companies; they may be willing to work with you to secure the best deal.

Popular Routes from France

Sixty percent of private jet travelers in France use empty leg flights for business purposes, while 30% opt for leisure travel. Some of the most popular routes include Paris to London (a favorite among business executives and fashionistas), Nice to Monaco (for luxury yacht owners and high-stakes poker games), and Bordeaux to Toulouse (for wine connoisseurs and gastronomy enthusiasts). These routes benefit from empty leg availability as they often coincide with peak travel periods, such as holidays or industry events.

Local Airports and Private Jet Terminals in France

The French private aviation hub, Le Bourget Airport (LBG), is a key player in the country's empty leg flight market. This major airport is well-equipped to handle private jets, with dedicated terminals and facilities catering to the needs of high-net-worth individuals. For those seeking even greater convenience, nearby airports like Paris-Levallois-Perret (LYP) or Versailles Airport (VRY) offer more personalized service and proximity to city centers.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are empty leg flights in France always cheaper?

While empty leg flights are generally cheaper, prices can still vary depending on factors like aircraft type, route, and demand. For example, a last-minute booking for a small propeller plane might be significantly cheaper than a same-day booking for a larger business jet. Prices typically range from €5,000 to €20,000 per hour, with discounts available for longer flights or off-peak travel.

Can I choose the exact departure time?

Scheduling flexibility is limited due to fixed flight schedules and operator availability. However, some operators may offer flexible scheduling options, especially for last-minute changes or special requests. Be prepared to negotiate with operators to secure your preferred takeoff time – they might be willing to accommodate your needs!

How far in advance should I book an empty leg flight?

Booking timelines vary depending on the route and seasonality. For popular routes like Paris-London, it's recommended to book at least two weeks in advance to secure the best deals. For off-peak travel or less popular routes, you might have more flexibility. Keep in mind that last-minute bookings can still be available, especially during peak travel periods.

Are empty leg flights eco-friendly?

Compared to traditional private jet travel, empty leg flights can be a more environmentally friendly option. By utilizing existing flight routes and minimizing the need for additional fuel consumption, these flights reduce their carbon footprint. As part of France's efforts to promote sustainable aviation practices, operators are increasingly adopting eco-friendly measures – such as using biofuels or optimizing flight paths – to minimize their impact on the environment.